Abstract
This review summarizes current advances in the study of phosphate glasses modified with multivalent elements, with particular emphasis on the influence of boron, molybdenum, and tungsten oxides on their structural, physicochemical, and functional properties. The role of B2O3 as both a glass former and a modifier is discussed, highlighting its contribution to enhanced thermal and chemical stability of the phosphate matrix through the formation of mixed borophosphate structural units.
The effects of MoO3 and WO3 as multivalent oxide components on the polymerization of the phosphate network, redox equilibrium, electronic structure, and optical properties of the glasses are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to variable oxidation states (Mo5+/Mo6+, W5+/W6+), which determine charge transfer processes, polaron-type conductivity, and photochromic behavior. The relationship between glass structure and electrical transport, including the competition between ionic and electronic mechanism, is also discussed.
Modern approaches to the synthesis of phosphate glasses, including melt-quenching and sol-gel methods, are briefly considered, together with structural characterization techniques. Special attention is devoted to Raman spectroscopy as a key tool for identifying Qn structural units and evaluating the degree of polymerization of the phosphate network.
Special emphasis is placed on the luminescent properties of modified phosphate glasses doped with Eu3+ ions, as well as to the sensitizing function of modifier oxides introduced into the system.
The influence of the amorphous matrix composition and the nature of multivalent modifiers on the intensity, spectral distribution, asymmetry, and local environment of Eu3+ emission centers is disscussed, together with energy transfer processes and concentration quenching effects. The prospects for the application of such systems in photonics, optoelectronics, sensing, and phosphor materials are outlined. In addition, the review addresses key challenges associated with the stability, control of variable oxidation states, and optimization of the functional characteristics of modified phosphate glasses.
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